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Generic concepts in the Proteaceae - When is a protea by the same name not a protea?
To understand generic names and how they are assigned we need to understand
some basic taxonomy first. When a species name is given to a type specimen and
published, it is done as a two-part name, the first of which is the genus. The
genus and species names comprise the unique name for any plant, fungus or animal
(except that, because plant and animal names are not under the same set of
rules, it is possible to have both a plant and an animal with the same genus and
even genus and species name: e.g. Morus Mulberries and Gannets, Oenanthe
Dropworts and Chats, etc.).
How then do we define any particular genus? Quite simply - from the description given by the botanist describing the genus, which must be based on the characters of the species' type specimen. Thus, to be valid, a genus name must be accompanied by a description and a type species (which will have its type specimen).
This is best illustrated with an example:
In 1753 Linnaeus established his new system of binomial names and separate descriptions (previously the name was the description and could include a dozen words). In his "Species Plantarum" he described the following species of Proteaceae:
Protea (i.e. Protea L.). comprising Protea argentea L. (with five types) and Protea fusca L.
Leucadendron comprising 13 species, including Leucadendron racemosum L., L. proteoides L., L. cancellatum L., L. lepidocarpodendron L., L. repens L., L. cynaroides L., L. cucullatus L., L. conocarpodendron L., L. serraria L. (i.e. representatives of what today we know as Spatalla, Diastella, Aulax, Protea, Mimetes, Leucospermum and Serruria.)
Brabejum stellatifolium L. and,
Brunia levisana L. (which is the same species as Protea fusca L. and consequently one of the two names must be made a synonym. Since both are published on the same date, the selection is arbitrary, and levisanus L. was chosen by Bergius in 1767.)
Thus the genus Protea L. is characterized by the features of the Silver Tree, Protea argenteum L. Similarly, one of the species must typify the genus Leucadendron, and the species Leucadendron cynaroides L. was chosen.
Linnaeus was greatly influenced in his concept of the Proteaceae by Boerhaave's book "Index Alter Plantarum". In fact, the illustrations in this book were probably as close as Linnaeus got to seeing proteas when he published his "Species Plantarum" and introduced the binomial system (i.e. Genus + species) to taxonomy. Boerhaave had divided the Proteaceae from the Cape into three groups: Conocarpodendron for our Conebushes, Lepidocarpodendron for our Proteas and Hypophyllocarpodendron for our Pagodas (Mimetes). Linnaeus thus sunk the latter two into his Leucadendron. These illustrations are thus the type specimens for Linnaeus' species.
Bergius revised the group in 1767 and sunk Protea into Leucadendron, separating Aulax from the group and retaining Brabejum (see table overleaf). In 1771 Linnaeus redefined his genus Protea, based on P. cynaroides L., thus creating the genus which we know today, but still including all the remaining genera. Thus in 1781 Thunberg recognized some 60 species of Protea, which he separated into seven sections based primarily on leaf shape.
Thereafter reigned anarchy. Naming rules were still lax and everyone wanted a bit of the pie. Thus Adanson in 1763 and Neck in 1790 created yet more names to confuse the issue.
The first real reformer on the scene was Richard Salisbury. More than anyone else he understood the generic concepts in the Protea family (although the Australians still vehemently loath him and deny this). In 1807 he subdivided the family into the groups we use today. The major exception is the conebushes, which Salisbury divided into three genera because of their entirely different fruit shapes. This he refined in 1809, beating Robert Brown to press and thus assuming for himself priority for the species names and legally for the generic names as well (PAN 14: 13-15). His Conebush' genera (four in 1809) are still valid groupings in the genus at the section level today.
Of course the botanists, incensed by Salisbury's plagiarism, did not recognize Salisbury's work. Thus his names were ignored. Robert Brown also had a good grasp of generic concepts in the Protea family, and because his names had been in use for 100 years when the rule of priority was enforced, the thought of ditching them was anathema. Most of Robert Brown's generic names have thus been conserved. The exception is Nivenia, which had already been given to a group of Irids. However, the effort of having to endure the name conservation procedure for hundreds of species names was too much and we now use Salisbury's species names.
A major difference between Robert Brown's and Richard Salisbury's systems, apart from all the different names, was that Salisbury used Linnaeus' 1753 version of Protea based on the Silver Tree argenteum and adopted by Bergius in 1767, whereas Brown used Linnaeus' later version based on the Giant Protea cynaroides. Thus in taxonomic treatises today you will encounter: Protea L., nomina conservanda. Similarly, all previous versions of Leucadendron are sunk, and Leucadendron RBr is the version which has been conserved. Had the rules strictly been applied we might today have Conebushes in the genus Protea or even Brunia. And the Proteaceae might just have been Bruniaceae!
How much we take for granted in assuming that the names in use are immutable. Next time you complain about all the species name changes, stop to appreciate that at least we have stable generic names. After all, Protea could be Leucadendron and Leucadendron could be Protea, in the simplest of all the potential scenarios!
ANSWERS TO TRIVIA
1. What did Linnaeus mean by Protea (in 1753) or Bergius by Leucadendron (in 1767)?
A: Linneaus gave the name to what we now call Leucadendron. Bergius used it for all southern African members of the Protea family then known, except Aulax the featherbushes and Brabejum the Wild Almond.
2. Which of the current generic names are strictly (by the rule of priority) invalid and only in use today because they have been conserved?
A: Leucospermum R.Br. (1810) should be known as Leucadendrum Salisb. (1807):
Leucadendron R.Br. (1810) should be known as Protea L. (1753), or alternatively
(as Protea L. is conserved for what we now call Protea) as Euryspermum Salisb. (1807);
Protea L. (1757) should be known as Leucadendron L. (1753);
Sorocephalus R.Br. (1810) should be known as Soranthe Salisb. ex Knight (1809).
3. Which is the only genus never to have had its name or concept changed since first described by Linnaeus in 1754?
A: Brabejum - the Wild Almond.
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